Rare Artemisia Gentileschi painting goes on display in Scotland for first time

A rare surviving painting by Artemisia Gentileschi, the greatest female artist of her generation, has gone on display at the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh. 

The painting was recently rediscovered in the Royal Collection following a misattribution at least two centuries ago, and, following extensive conservation work, first went  on display for visitors to Windsor Castle in 2023. 

The rediscovered painting, Susanna and the Elders, sheds fresh light on Artemisia’s creative process and her time in Great Britain in the late 1630s as she worked alongside her father Orazio Gentileschi at the court of  Charles I and Henrietta Maria. 

Also on show will be Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting, considered one of Artemisia’s greatest works. 

The two paintings form a new temporary display in the Palace of  Holyroodhouse, taking their place in the ornate baroque interiors of the Palace. 

Here, the left-hand side of the painting is obscured by centuries of dirt, overpaint and discoloured varnish, while the right-hand side has undergone conservation treatment.

‘Artemisia Gentileschi is one of the  finest artists of the Italian Baroque period, achieving great success during her own lifetime when few women artists were formally recognised,’ Emma Stead, Curator at the Palace of Holyroodhouse, said.

‘She is celebrated today for her skilful technique  along with an ability to empathise with and empower the female protagonists of her paintings, in a way that many of her male contemporaries’ works typically did not.  

‘It’s quite extraordinary that we can follow the history of a painting by Artemisia through the  centuries, from its initial creation and display at Whitehall Palace in the 1630s, right through to  its recent rediscovery by the Royal Collection Trust paintings team, and Susanna and the Elders adds much to our knowledge of her artistic practice. 

‘We are delighted to have it on display for  the first time in Scotland for visitors to see.’ 

The rediscovery resulted from work by Royal Collection Trust curators, notably former staff  member and art historian Dr Niko Munz, to trace the paintings sold off and scattered across  Europe after Charles I’s execution. 

Seven paintings by Artemisia were recorded in Charles I’s inventories but only the Self-Portrait was thought to survive today, with the others believed lost.  

But research allowed curators to match the description of Susanna and the Elders to a  painting that had been in store at Hampton Court Palace for over 100 years, attributed to  ‘French School’ and in very poor condition.

Artemisia Gentileschi

Artemisia Gentileschi gained fame across Europe in the 17th century, after training with her  father in Rome and before working in Florence, Naples, Venice and London for aristocratic and  royal patrons. 

Her work fell out of favour in the 18th and 19th centuries, but in the last 50 years she has become known for her powerful and empathetic depictions of women from history. 

The rediscovered painting depicts the Biblical story of Susanna, who is surprised by two men  while bathing in her garden.

Artemisia Gentileschi, Susanna and the Elders, c.1638–9, following conservation.

When she refuses their advances, she is faced with a false accusation  of infidelity, punishable by death, before she is proven innocent. 

While male artists of the period  often presented an idealised or sexualised view of the scene, Artemisia gives great emphasis to Susanna’s vulnerability and discomfort as she twists her body away from the lecherous men. 

It is a story that Artemisia returned to many times over her 40-year career; at least six  compositions of the subject by the artist are known today. 

The story may have held particular  resonance given her own experience of sexual assault, having been raped at age 17 by an artist in her father’s workshop and subjected to gruelling questioning and torture at his trial.  

The history

The painting’s history can be traced in a remarkably unbroken line, with records found in every  century since its creation. 

It was most likely commissioned by Henrietta Maria, probably around 1638–9 while her apartments were being redecorated for a royal birth. 

An inventory from 1639 shows that the painting originally hung above a fireplace in the Queen’s Withdrawing Chamber at Whitehall Palace – a relatively private room used by Henrietta Maria for receiving small  numbers of officials, eating and relaxing.  

The painting was returned after the Restoration of Charles II in 1660 and is thought to have  hung above a fireplace at Somerset House, home to queens and consorts including Catherine  of Braganza and Queen Anne.

Artemisia Gentileschi, Self-portrait as the Allegory of Painting, c.1638–39.

In the 18th century, as Artemisia’s reputation waned, the painting  appears to have lost its attribution. 

It was moved to Kensington Palace, where it is depicted in a watercolour of the Queen’s Bedchamber published in 1819 leaning against a wall, suggesting it was considered the work of a minor or unknown artist and not worthy of hanging. 

It was later transferred to Hampton Court Palace, where at some point it lost its frame, and in 1862 it was described as ‘in a bad state’ and sent for conservation, at which point additional layers of  varnish and overpaint were likely applied. 

Following its rediscovery, the painting underwent significant treatment by Royal Collection  Trust conservators. 

Work included the painstaking removal of centuries of surface dirt, discoloured varnish and non-original paint layers to reveal the original composition.

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